scientificprotocols authored over 4 years ago
Authors: Hildegund Ertl, ZhiQuan Xiang, Yan Li, Dongming Zhou, Xiangyang Zhou, Wynetta Giles-Davis & Yi-lin E. Liu
Clinical development of vaccines based on adenovirus (Ad) vectors requires accurate techniques to determine vector doses including contents of infectious particles. For vectors derived from Ad virus of human serotype 5 content of infectious particles can readily be determined by plaque assays. Vaccine vectors based on alternative Ad serotypes such as those derived from chimpanzees or so-called rare serotype plaque poorly and titration by plaque assays underestimates the content of infectious particle by 50-100 fold. Here we describe a simple technique that was initially developed for titration of HAdV-5 vectors and that we modified for titration of Ad vectors from alternative serotypes.
Vaccines to many of the most prevalent pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, Plasmodium falciparum or mycobacterium tuberculosis are not available or lack efficacy. Vaccines to non-infectious diseases such as cancers, which at least theoretically should be treatable by active immunization, have thus far failed to achieve the therapeutic benefits of passive transfer of ex vivo expanded tumor antigen-specific T cell populations (1,2). Licensed vaccines to infectious agents in general protect by induction of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). For some of the more complex pathogens and for therapy of established malignancies protection depends at least in part on sustainable CD8+ T cell responses. CD8+ T cells are most readily elicited by infectious or genetic vaccines. Induction of CD8+ T cells in general requires processing and presentation of de novo synthesized proteins, which upon degradation in the cytosol are transported into the endoplasmic reticulum from where, upon association with MHC class I molecules, they are carried to the cell surface. CD8+ T cells, once their recognize their cognate antigen in the context of MHC class I and co-stimulatory molecules and additional signals from CD4+ T helper cells, proliferate and migrate to sites of inflammation where upon encounter of antigen-expressing cells they commence effector functions (3). Once the antigen has been removed most of the activated CD8+ T cells undergo apoptotic cell death. Some effector CD8+ T cells linger in peripheral tissue, while others differentiate into resting central memory CD8+ T cells that home to lymphatic tissue (4). While frequencies of memory CD8+ T cells are maintained through homeostatic IL-7 and Il-15 dependent proliferation for the life of an individual, numbers of effector or effector memory CD8+ T cells, which provide a first layer of defense at ports of entry of invading pathogens, gradually decline (5). This poses a challenge to the development of CD8+ T cell-inducing vaccines, as their efficacy especially against rapidly multiplying and mutating viruses such as HIV-1 is likely to wane rapidly once effector and effector-memory T cell responses contract. Effector-like CD8+ T cells can be maintained by persisting pathogens, such as those based on cytomegalovirus (CMV) (6) or adenovirus (Ad) (7). Ad viruses persist without establishing latency at very low levels mainly in T cells (8), and, on average, humans have robust frequencies of 1-2% of circulating T cells against their antigens (9). Vectors based on E1-deleted Ad viruses also persist and achieve sustained levels of transgene product-specific T cell responses (10,11). In response to Ad vectors some T cells transition into central memory and others remain activated (7). Ad vectors are thus uniquely suited as CD8+ T cell-inducing vaccines by not only maintaining effector and effector memory CD8+ T cells but by also allowing for transition of some of the CD8+ T cells into central memory, which, due to their higher proliferative capacity may replenish terminally differentiated effector cells. Humans carry nAbs to common Ad viruses, such as human serotype 5 Ad virus (HAdV-5 also termed AdHu5 in reference to vectors), which can reduce the uptake of Ad vector vaccines based on the same serotype and thus their immunogenicity (12). To address the problem of pre-existing nAbs, vaccine platform based on replication-defective vectors derived from chimpanzee Ads (AdC) (12,13) or alternative so-called rare human serotypes, such as HAdV-26 or -35 (14) (termed AdHu26 or -35 in reference to vectors) have been developed. These Ad vectors share the advantages of HAdV-5 vectors yet prevalence rates of nAbs are markedly lower in humans (14,15).
Clinical development of Ad vaccine vectors requires accurate techniques to determine vector doses. Ad vectors are dosed according to virus particles (vp), which due to the induction of potent innate immune responses dictate vector reactogenicity. Content of infectious particles is typically lower and determines the vector’s ability to induce transgene product-specific adaptive immune responses. For HAdV-5 vectors content of infectious particles (multiplicity of infectivity or moi) can readily be determined by a plaques assay in which serial dilutions of vectors are inoculated for several days on a suitable packaging cell line such as HEK 293 cells, which are used by most academics for the production of Ad vectors. Other Ad vectors such as those derived from chimpanzees such as SAd-V23 (termed AdC6 in reference to vectors), SAd-V24 (termed AdC7 in reference to vectors) or SAd-V25 (termed AdC68 in reference to vectors) plaque only poorly and moi titration by counting plaques on HEK 293 cells underestimates the content of infectious particle by 50-100 fold. Here we describe a technique that was initially developed for titration of HAdV-5 vectors and that we modified for titration of Ad vectors from alternative serotypes.
Overview of the protocol
We initially developed a nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to titrate the moi content of Ad vectors. This method although very sensitive was not only costly and labor intensive but also prone to errors due to contaminations. Here we present an alternative method based on staining with an antibody to hexon that cross-reacts with all Ad serotypes we have tested, i.e., the AdC vectors as well as vectors based on human serotypes such HAd-V5 and -V26. Sensitivity of the assay was validated against the nested RT-PCR method and by microscopic counting of colonies of Ad vectors that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The staining method is robust and highly reproducible. It has one additional benefit. It allows for an assessment of vector fitness as it reveals frequencies of viral colonies versus those of single transduced cells in which virus underwent an abortive infection but then failed to assemble correctly to infect neighboring cells.
Titration of Ad vectors by hexon staining TIMING 8 days
For Troubleshooting, please consult Table 1
The sensitivity of the hexon titration method Figure1 based on antibody staining is comparable to the method based on the nested PCR Figure 2 We used both methods to titrate Ad vectors from the same lots and the results are shown in Table 2.
We also titrated Ad vectors expressing EGFP Figure 3 by hexon staining and determined titers of the same lots by checking for green colonies with a fluorescent microscope. Again, as shown in Table 3 both methods yield comparable moi titers.
This work was supported by grants from NIAID and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
Figure 1: Titration of the moi of Ad vectors by hexon staining
HEK 293 cells were infected with two different AdC vectors at different dilutions. Six days later, infected cells were stained with the hexon-specific antibody. Cells were counterstained and substrate was added. A shows 2 colonies of cells infected with a 10e-9 dilution of an AdC7 HIV gag vector. B shows results for an AdHu5 SIVgp160 at a 10e-10 dilution. Of note this vector grew poorly and had a high vp to moi ration. C shows cells in a control well that was not infected with an Ad vector.
Figure 2: Titration of the moi of Ad vectors by nested RT-PCR
HEK 293 cells were infected with Ad vectors at 10e-9 to 10e-12 dilutions. Uninfected cells cultured in parallel were used as negative controls. Six days later, RNAs from cells of each well were isolated and reverse transcribed. A fragment of hexon-specific cDNA was amplified by a nested PCR and the resulting amplicons were run on a 1% (wt/vol) agarose gel. Arrow indicated the expected molecular weight (MW) of the amplicon.
Figure 3: Titration of the moi of Ad vectors expressing EGFP by fluoresent microscopy
HEK 293 cells were infected with Ad vectors expressing EGFP at different dilutions. 3 days later, cells were visualized under fluorescent microscope. A shows a colony of an AdC68-EGFP vector at a 10e-9 dilution. B shows cells in a control well that was not infected with an Ad vector.
Table Primers: Primers
All primers used in this protocol are shown in below table.
Component RNA Table: Template RNA Table and Concentration
Component DNA Table: Template RNA Table and Concentration
Adenovirus Table: Ad vector and PCR reaction Table
Table 1: Troubleshooting
Table 2: Virus titers determined by hexon staining and nested PCR
Table 3: Virus titers of Ad-EGFP determined by hexon staining and EGFP visualization
Hildegund Ertl, ZhiQuan Xiang, Yan Li, Dongming Zhou, Xiangyang Zhou, Wynetta Giles-Davis & Yi-lin E. Liu, Ertl Lab, Wistar Institute
Correspondence to: Hildegund Ertl ([email protected])
Source: Protocol Exchange (2011) doi:10.1038/protex.2011.262. Originally published online 13 October 2011.