A highly-sensitive multisubstrate-compatible chemiluminescent immunoassay for human fetuin A

Immunology

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Authors: Sandeep Kumar Vashist

Abstract

We report a highly-sensitive chemiluminescent immunoassay (CIA) for the detection of human fetuin A (HFA), which is based on the leach-proof covalent crosslinking of anti-HFA capture antibodies on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-functionalized 96-well chemiluminescent microtiter plates (CMTP) using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide. It has more than 3-fold reduced overall assay duration than the commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, it has a wide detection range i.e. 0.3 pg/mL-20 ng/mL and 125-fold better analytical sensitivity than the commercial ELISA kit. The anti-HFA antibody-bound MTPs can be effectively stored in 0.1M PBS without any significant loss of functional activity. The developed HFA CIA is multisubstrate-compatible and can be employed for immunoassays on a wide range of commercially-relevant substrates that are being used in various biosensors/point-of-care diagnostics.

Introduction

The development of a robust, rapid and highly-sensitive immunoassay format for the precise detection of HFA is an absolute requirement for clinical disease diagnosis. HFA is a highly specific biomarker for atherosclerosis (1) and hepatocellular carcinoma (2), which is also involved in diabetes (3), cardiovascular diseases (4), arthritis, metabolism-associated syndrome (5), and malaria6. It is a liver-derived protein that is secreted into the bloodstream in the concentration range of 450-600 µg/mL. The concentration of HFA changes significantly in various pathophysiological conditions (1,7-9). Several immunoassay formats have been developed till date for HFA detection, which were mainly based on ELISA (10-11), surface plasmon resonance (SPR)(12), microarray (13), and electrochemical luminescence (6). However, ELISA is still the most widely used format and the accepted clinical standard for HFA detection. But in recent years, several highly-sensitive chemiluminescent substrates, having wide detection range and improved analytical sensitivity, have been developed (14). The developed CIA (15), being the most sensitive immunoassay format for HFA detection in comparison to ELISA and SPR, can have potential applications in clinical diagnostics.

APTES has been widely used for the leach-proof immobilization of biomolecules (16-19) as it enables high immobilization density, long-term stability, high reproducibility, and less biofouling. It has been extensively employed for the development of continuous glucose monitoring systems (20-22). In the present study, the covalent crosslinking of antibodies in a leach-proof manner on APTES-functionalized bioanalytical platform leads to higher functional antibody immobilization density that results in highly sensitive analyte detection.

Reagents

  1. Human Fetuin A ELISA kit (R & D Systems, UK, cat. no. DY1184e) !CAUTION Store reconstituted antibody and antigen at 4 ºC, if they are to be used within a month. Otherwise aliquot out and stored at -80 ºC for up to 6 months. The kit comprises of
  2. Mouse anti-human fetuin A capture antibody (720 μg/mL)
  3. Human fetuin A/AHSG (20 ng/mL)
  4. Biotin-labeled goat anti-human fetuin A detection antibody
  5. HRP-conjugated Streptavidin !CAUTION Store in dark as streptavidin is light-sensitive.
  6. Blocker BSA in PBS (10X), pH 7.4, 10% (w/v) (Thermo Scientific, Ireland, cat. no. 37525) CRITICAL To avoid microbial contamination in BSA, filter prior to use.
  7. Absolute ethanol (Sigma Aldrich, Ireland, cat. no. 02856) !CAUTION Being highly flammable, use in a fume cabinet. Keep the container tightly closed and away from sources of ignition.
  8. Sulphuric acid (Aldrich, cat. no. 339741) !CAUTION Avoid skin contact as it is a strongly corrosive agent and an irritant. Use personal protective equipment (PPE), such as chemical safety glasses, chemical-resistant shoes and lab coats, for handling. Handle only in a fume cabinet. In case of skin contact, wash immediately with acid neutralizers and seek medical advice as soon as possible.
  9. KOH pellets (99.99%), semiconductor grade (Sigma Aldrich, Ireland, cat. no. 306568) !CAUTION Use PPE for handling and handle only in a fume cabinet. It can cause severe burns. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. CRITICAL The concentration of KOH must be 1% (w/v) in autoclaved deionised water (DIW, 18Ω) as higher concentrations will critically affect the surface properties and antibody immobilization.
  10. 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APTES) (Sigma Aldrich, Ireland, cat. no. A3684) !CAUTION Higher concentrations are potentially toxic. It is a skin and eye irritant. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Handle inside a fume cabinet. CRITICAL Prepare in autoclaved DIW (18Ω), see REAGENT SETUP.
  11. 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) (Thermo Scientific, Ireland, cat. no. 22981) !CAUTION Equilibrate to room temperature (RT) before opening the container. EDC is hygroscopic, absorbs moisture and may lose activity. It is an irritant. Handle inside a fume cabinet. CRITICAL Store at -20 ºC. Reconstitute in 0.1M MES, pH 4.7, see REAGENT SETUP.
  12. Sulfo-N-Hydroxysuccinmide (SulfoNHS) (Thermo Scientific, Ireland, cat. no. 24525) CRITICAL Store at 4 ºC. Reconstitute in 0.1M MES, pH 4.7, see REAGENT SETUP.
  13. BupH Phosphate Buffered Saline Packs (0.1 M sodium phosphate, 0.15 M sodium chloride, pH 7.2) (Thermo Scientific, Ireland, cat. no. 18372) !CAUTION Avoid inhalation. CRITICAL Prepare in autoclaved DIW (18Ω), see REAGENT SETUP.
  14. BupH MES Buffered Saline Packs (0.1 M MES [2-(N- morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid], 0.9 % (w/v) sodium chloride, pH 4.7) (Thermo Scientific, Ireland, cat. no. 28390) !CAUTION Avoid inhalation. CRITICAL Prepare in autoclaved DIW (18Ω), see REAGENT SETUP.
  15. SuperSignal ELISA femto maximum sensitivity substrate (Thermo Scientific, Ireland, cat. no. 37074)
  16. SuperSignal ELISA Femto Luminol/Enhancer !CAUTION Causes skin, eye and respiratory tract irritation. Can cause target organ damage. Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. In case of skin contact, wash with plenty of water. Exposure to sun and any other intense light can harm the working solution. CRITICAL STEP Mix equal parts of SuperSignal ELISA Femto Luminol/Enhancer and SuperSignal ELISA Femto Stable Peroxide Solution to make the working solution.
  17. SuperSignal ELISA Femto Stable Peroxide Solution !CAUTION Strong oxidizing agent. Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Harmful if swallowed. Can cause severe damage to target organs. Rinse immediately with plenty of water in case of contact and seek medical attention. Wear PPE and work in safety cabinet or fume cupboard.
  18. Deionized water (18Ω, DIW). (Direct-Q® 3Water Purification System, Millipore, USA)
  19. LumiNunc™ 96-well plates (Thermo Scientific, USA)
  20. Bottomless 96-well microtiter plates (Greiner Labortechnik, Germany)
  21. Polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC) and Zeonex™ (1 mm thick sheets) (Microfluidic Chip Shop GmbH, Jena, Germany); Zeonor™ (1.5mm thick slides) (Zeon Chemicals, Germany); and, polycarbonate (PC) and cellulose acetate (CA) (1 mm thick sheets) (VTT, Finland)
  22. Pressure sensitive adhesive (Adhesive Research, Ireland)
  23. Eppendorf microtubes (1.5mL; Sigma Aldrich, cat. no. Z 606340)

Equipment

  1. -70 ºC freezer (operating range -60 to -80 ºC) (New Brunswick)
  2. 2-80 ºC Refrigerator (Future, UK)
  3. Direct-Q® 3Water Purification System (Millipore, USA)
  4. Tecan Infinite M200 Pro microplate reader (Tecan, Austria GmBH)
  5. Mini Incubator (Labnet Inc., UK)
  6. PVC fume cupboard Chemflow range (CSC Ltd., Ireland)
  7. Sigmaplot software bundle version 11.2 from Systat for curve plotting and assay analysis

Procedure

REAGENT SETUP

PBS Add a BupH Phosphate Buffered Saline Pack to 100 mL of autoclaved DIW, dissolve well and make the volume up to 500 mL using autoclaved DIW. Each pack makes 500 mL of PBS at pH 7.2, which can be stored at RT for a week and at 4 ºC for up to four weeks.

MES Add a BupH MES Buffered Saline Pack to 100 mL of autoclaved DIW, dissolve well and make the volume up to 500 mL using autoclaved DIW. Each pack makes 500 mL of MES at pH 4.7, which can be stored at RT for two weeks.

APTES The procured APTES solution has a purity of 99%. Reconstitute in autoclaved DIW to make 2% (v/v) APTES just before functionalization. EDC The commercial pack contains 25 g EDC. Reconstitute in 0.1M MES buffer, pH 4.7 to make 8 mg/mL. Aliquots can be stored effectively for six months at -20 ºC.

SulfoNHS The commercial pack contains 5 g SulfoNHS. Reconstitute in 0.1 M MES, pH 4.7 to make 22 mg/mL. Aliquots can be stored effectively for six months at -20 ºC.

Surface activation and APTES-functionalization (TIMING 1 h 10 min)

1.Incubate each of the desired wells of 96-well CMTP with 100 μL of 1% (w/v) KOH for 10 min at 37 ºC and wash five times with 300 μL of DIW per well. Washing can also be performed with an automatic plate washer. CRITICAL STEP KOH treatment should not be longer than 10 min as it may cause strong aberrations on the surface, thereby changing its surface properties.

2.Incubate the KOH-treated CMTP with 100 μL of 2% (v/v) APTES for 1 h at RT inside the fume cabinet. Wash the APTES-modified wells extensively with DIW (as described in step 1).

Antibody immobilization and BSA blocking (TIMING 1 h 30 min)

3.Mix 5 µL each of EDC (8 mg/mL) SulfoNHS (22 mg/mL) to make 10 µL of pre-mixed EDC-SulfoNHS solution. CRITICAL STEP The ratio of EDC and SulfoNHS is critical for optimum cross-linking. ? TROUBLESHOOTING

4.Incubate 990 μL of anti-HFA capture antibody with 10 μL of EDC-SulfoNHS solution for 15 min at 37 ºC.

5.Incubate the EDC-SulfoNHS activated antibody in APTES-functionalized wells for 1 h at 37 ºC and wash five times with 300 µL of 0.1M PBS, pH 7.4.

6.Block the antibody-bound wells with 300 µL of 1% (w/v) BSA for 30 min at 37 ºC followed by extensive PBS washing (as mentioned in step 5). CRITICAL STEP Use filtered BSA to remove any microbial or other contaminants. ? TROUBLESHOOTING

HFA CIA (sandwich format) (TIMING 2 h 25 min)

7.Add 100 µL of varying HFA concentrations (0.3 pg/mL-20 ng/mL) to different BSA-blocked wells. Incubate for 1 h at 37 ºC and wash extensively with PBS (as stated in step 5).

8.Add 100 µL of biotinylated anti-HFA antibody in each of the HFA-captured wells. Incubate for 1 h at 37 ºC and wash extensively with PBS (as mentioned in step 5).

9.Add 100 µL of streptavidin-HRP conjugate to the biotinylated anti-HFA antibody treated wells. Incubate for 20 min at 37 ºC and wash extensively with PBS (as mentioned in step 5). ? TROUBLESHOOTING

10.Add 100 µL of working solution, formed by mixing equal parts of SuperSignal ELISA Femto Luminol/Enhancer and SuperSignal ELISA Femto Stable Peroxide Solution , to each of the CMTP wells and incubate at RT for 5 min.? TROUBLESHOOTING

11.Record the chemiluminescent intensity at 425 nm in the Tecan Infinite M200 Pro microplate reader. CRITICAL STEP The chemiluminescent intensity should always be measured immediately (or at a fixed time) as it is not an end-point immunoassay.

Timing

  • Steps 1-2, Surface activation and APTES-functionalization: 1 h 10 min
  • Steps 3-6, Antibody immobilization and BSA blocking: 1 h 30 min
  • Steps 7-11, HFA CIA (sandwich format): 2 h 25 min

Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting advice is provided in Table 1.

Anticipated Results

The developed CIA detected HFA in the range of 0.3 pg/mL -20 ng/mL (Figure 2A) with linearity from 2.5-312.5 ng/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) and analytical sensitivity were 0.3 pg/mL and 5 pg/mL, respectively. The various experimental controls demonstrated the highly specific detection of HFA and non-interference of BSA with any of the assay components (Figure 2B). The inter- and intra-day variability were in the range of 2.1-6.3 % and 3-8.2 %, respectively, while the half-effective concentration (EC50) was 52 pg/mL. The intra- and inter-day variability were calculated from five assay repeats (in triplicate) on a single and five different days, respectively.

The developed HFA CIA significantly decreased the overall assay duration by more than 3-fold i.e. from 20 h (commercial HFA sandwich ELISA) to about 5.5 h. It has better analytical performance as its analytical sensitivity (5 pg/mL) was 125-fold better than that of the commercial HFA ELISA (625 pg/mL). Moreover, it has lower limit of detection (LOD) with better analytical sensitivity in comparison to our previously developed HFA immunoassay formats based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR)(12) and sandwich ELISA (10-11). The higher sensitivity of CIA is mainly due to the high functional antibody immobilization density on APTES-functionalized MTP and the higher sensitivity of chemiluminescent substrate (luminol/enhancer and stable peroxide solution). The enhancer in chemiluminescent substrate (14) results in rapid and highly intensified signal for a longer time, which enables wider detection range and low background.

The anti-HFA antibody-bound MTPs can be effectively stored at 4°C in 0.1 M PBS for many weeks without any significant decrease in functional activity (15), which is useful for rapid analyte detection in mass-use applications such as clinical diagnosis. However, as the developed procedure takes only 1.5 h for antibody immobilization, it will completely obviate the need of storing antibody-bound MTPs in industries, where they are usually stored for about two weeks.

Our previously developed modified MTP format (23), which was specifically designed to perform immunoassays on different substrate platforms, was employed to demonstrate the multisubstrate-compatibility of developed HFA CIA that was mainly due to the generic nature of APTES-functionalization step. Various commercially-relevant substrates, i.e. PS, PC, PMMA, CA, Zeonex™ and Zeonor™, were used as they are being employed extensively for various biosensors, diagnostics, lab-on-a-chip technologies, and other bioanalytical applications (Figure 3).

References

  1. Lim, P. et al. Fetuin-A is an independent predictor of death after ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Clin. Chem. 53, 1835–1840 (2007).
  2. Drake, R.R. et al. Lectin capture strategies combined with mass spectrometry for the discovery of serum glycoprotein biomarkers. Mol. Cell Proteomics 5, 1957-1967 (2006).
  3. Kalabay, L. et al. In Liver Cirrhosis: New Research, Chen TM, Ed.; Nova Science: NewYork, 2005; pp 63-75.
  4. Reynolds, J.L. et al. Multifunctional roles for serum protein fetuin-a in inhibition of human vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16, 2920-2930 (2005).
  5. Ix, J.H. et al. Association between human fetuin-A and the metabolic syndrome: data from the Heart and Soul Study. Circulation 113, 1760-1767 (2006).
  6. Jethwaney, D. Fetuin-A, a hepatocyte-specific protein that binds Plasmodium berghei thrombospondin-related adhesive protein: a potential role in infectivity. Infect. Immun. 73, 5883–5891 (2005).
  7. Marhaug, G. et al. Age-dependent inhibition of ectopic calcification: a possible role for fetuin-A and osteopontin in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis with calcinosis. Rheumatology 47, 1031-1037 (2008).
  8. Fiore, C. et al. Association of high alpha2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein/fetuin concentration in serum and intima-media thickness in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease and low bone mass. Atherosclerosis 195, 110-115 (2007).
  9. Schäfer, C., Heiss, A. & Schwarz, A. The serum protein alpha 2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein/fetuin-A is a systemically acting inhibitor of ectopic calcification. J. Clin. Invest. 112, 357-366 (2003).
  10. Dixit, C.K., Vashist, S.K., MacCraith, B.D. & O’Kennedy, R. Multisubstrate-compatible ELISA procedures for rapid and high-sensitivity immunoassays. Nat. Protoc. 6, 439-445 (2011).
  11. Dixit, C.K. et al. Development of a high sensitivity rapid sandwich ELISA procedure and its comparison with the conventional approach. Anal. Chem. 82, 7049-7052 (2010).
  12. Vashist, S.K., Dixit, C.K., MacCraith, B.D. & O’Kennedy, R. Effect of antibody immobilization strategies on the analytical performance of a surface plasmon resonance-based immunoassay. Analyst 136, 4431-4436 (2011).
  13. Dixit, C.K., Kumar, A., Kaushik, A. Nanosphere lithography-based platform for developing rapid and high sensitivity microarray systems. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 423, 473-477 (2012)
  14. Thermo Scientific Pierce Assay Development Technical Handbook, version 2, 2011. (http://www.piercenet.com/files/1602127_Assay_Dev_HB_v2_INTL.pdf)
  15. Vashist, S.K. A sub-picogram sensitive rapid chemiluminescent immunoassay for the detection of human fetuin A. Biosens. Bioelectron.; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2012.07.067 (2012).
  16. Cass, T. & Ligler, F. S. Immobilized biomolecules in analysis: a practical approach, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 1998.
  17. Hermanson, G.T. Bioconjugate Techniques, 2nd ed., Academic Press, USA, 2008.
  18. Zheng, D. et al. Rapid and simple preparation of a reagentless glucose electrochemical biosensor. Analyst 137, 3800-3805 (2012).
  19. Zheng, D. et al. Mediatorless amperometric glucose biosensing using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-functionalized graphene. Talanta 99, 22-28 (2012).
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  22. Shah, R. et al. Biosensors and methods for making and using them. U.S. Patent 7813780 (2010).
  23. Vashist, S.K., O’Sullivan, S.A., O’Neill, F., Holthofer, H., O’Reilly, B. & Dixit, C.K. A multiwell plate for biological assays, WIPO, Publication number WO2010/044083 (2010).

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), Syracuse, USA and Industrial Development Agency, Ireland for the financial support under the Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS) project code 116294.

Figures

Figure 1: Schematic

Fig 1

Developed bioanalytical procedure for the human fetuin A (HFA) chemiluminescent immunoassay (CIA)

Figure 2: Developed HFA CIA with experimental controls

Fig 2

Figure 2. (A) Assay performance of the developed HFA CIA. (B) Various experimental controls employed to demonstrate the specificity of developed CIA for HFA and its non-interference with various process steps. The controls 1-5 were anti-HFA-no HFA; BSA-no anti-HFA; BSA-no anti-HFA-no HFA; BSA-SA-HRP; and, BSA-luminol, respectively (15). All experiments were done in triplicate and the results are shown as mean ± standard deviation.

Figure 3: Multisubstrate-compatibility

Fig 3

Multisubstrate-compatibility of developed HFA CIA on various commercially-relevant substrates, i.e. polystyrene (PS), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), Zeonex (Znx), Zeonor (Znr), polycarbonate (PC) and cellulose acetate (CA), using our modified microtiter plate format (23). All experiments were done in triplicate and the results are shown as mean ± standard deviation.

Table 1: Troubleshooting

Table 1

Associated Publications

A sub-picogram sensitive rapid chemiluminescent immunoassay for the detection of human fetuin A. Sandeep Kumar Vashist. Biosensors and Bioelectronics doi:10.1016/j.bios.2012.07.067

Author information

Sandeep Kumar Vashist, HSG-IMIT - Institut für Mikro- und Informationstechnik, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, Freiburg 79110, Germany.

Correspondence to: Sandeep Kumar Vashist ([email protected])

Source: Protocol Exchange (2012) doi:10.1038/protex.2012.051. Originally published online 24 October 2012.

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